“...The Voting Rights Act of 1965, called one of the most effective pieces of civil rights legislation in U.S. history, generated dramatic increases in black voter...”

“...We analyze the effects of the introduction of Title I of the 1965 Elementary and Secondary Education Act, a large federal grants program designed to increase...”

“...How much can late schooling investments close racial and ethnic skill gaps? We investigate this question by exploiting the large differences in completed...”

“...President Obama's "Preschool for All" initiative calls for dramatic increases in the number of 4-year-olds enrolled in public preschool programs and in the...”

“...Despite substantial interest in preschool as a means of narrowing the achievement gap, little is known about how particular program attributes might influence...”

“...Because the data available to test these alternative hypotheses are not ideal, however, these conclusions must be viewed with caution. [...]when alternatives...”

“...This paper studies the cost efficacy of universal over means-tested (targeted) programs, taking advantage of the rich diversity in state rules governing access...”