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by Thomas Weiss Published in Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Economics and Finance“...In the early 21st century, the U.S. economy stood at or very near the top of any ranking of the world’s economies, more obviously so in terms of gross domestic...”
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by Gabriella Conti Giacomo Mason Stavros Poupakis Published in Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Economics and Finance“...Building on early animal studies, 20th-century researchers increasingly explored the fact that early events—ranging from conception to childhood—affect a...”
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by Mika Kallioinen Published in Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Economics and Finance“...Traditional historiography has overestimated the significance of long-distance trade in the medieval economy. However, it could be argued that, because of its...”
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by Chris Sagers Published in Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Economics and Finance“...“Antitrust” or “competition law,” a set of policies now existing in most market economies, largely consists of two or three specific rules applied in more or...”
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165
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by Giovanni Gallipoli Brant Abbott Published in Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Economics and Finance“...This article focuses on the distribution of human capital and its implications for the accrual of economic resources to individuals and households. Human...”
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166
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by Martin Wagner Published in Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Economics and Finance“...Widely used modified least squares estimators for estimation and inference in cointegrating regressions are discussed. The standard case with cointegration in...”
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167
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by Dhaval Dave Hope Corman Nancy E. Reichman Published in Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Economics and Finance“...Prenatal care, one of the most frequently used forms of healthcare in the United States, involves a series of encounters during the gestational period,...”
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168
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“...End-of-life spending is commonly defined as all health costs in the 12 months before death. Typically, the costs represent about 10% of all health expenses in...”
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169
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by Cristina Bellés-Obrero Judit Vall Castelló Published in Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Economics and Finance“...The impact of macroeconomic fluctuations on health and mortality rates has been a highly studied topic in the field of economics. Many studies, using...”
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170
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by José Luis Pinto-Prades Fernando Ignacio Sánchez-Martínez Arthur Attema Published in Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Economics and Finance“...Quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) are one of the main health outcomes measures used to make health policy decisions. It is assumed that the objective of...”
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171
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by Joanna Kopinska Vincenzo Atella Published in Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Economics and Finance“...New sanitation and health technology applied to treatments, procedures, and devices is constantly revolutionizing epidemiological patterns. Since the early...”
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172
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by Ching-to Albert Ma Henry Y. Mak Published in Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Economics and Finance“...Health services providers receive payments mostly from private or public insurers rather than patients. Provider incentive problems arise because an insurer...”
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173
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“...In many countries of the world, consumers choose their health insurance coverage from a large menu of often complex options supplied by private insurance...”
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174
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by Yongyang Cai Published in Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Economics and Finance“...Integrated assessment models (IAMs) of the climate and economy aim to analyze the impact and efficacy of policies that aim to control climate change, such as...”
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175
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by Joshua Aizenman Published in Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Economics and Finance“...The links of international reserves, exchange rates, and monetary policy can be understood through the lens of a modern incarnation of the “impossible trinity”...”
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176
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by Lucy Frith Cam Donaldson Rachel Baker Neil McHugh Marissa Collins Keith Syrett Alec Morton Published in Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Economics and Finance“...Health and social care organizations work within the context of limited resources. Different techniques to aid resource allocation and decision-making exist...”
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177
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by Martin Karlsson Henning Øien Tor Iversen Published in Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Economics and Finance“...An open issue in the economics literature is whether healthcare expenditure (HCE) is so concentrated in the last years before death that the age profiles in...”
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178
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by Nora Lustig Published in Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Economics and Finance“...Taxation and public spending are key policy levers the state has in its power to change the distribution of income determined both by market forces and...”
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179
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“...Sudden stops in capital flows are a form of financial whiplash that creates instability and crises in the affected economies. Sudden stops in net capital flows...”
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180
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by Eric Smith Published in Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Economics and Finance“...Stock-flow matching is a simple and elegant framework of dynamic trade in differentiated goods. Flows of entering traders match and exchange with the stocks of...”
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