“...We use ghost matches induced by Covid19 in the Bundesliga, Germany’s top two football (soccer) divisions, to investigate whether audiences affect referees. We...”

“...Due to tightened safety regulation, some Italian soccer teams had to temporarily play home matches in empty stadiums in 2007. We exploit this event and find...”

“...Past studies have indicated that multiple factors may influence sport referees' decisions, such as pressure from spectators and athletes' reputation. Grounded...”

“...The role of referees has become a central issue in the investigation of home advantage. The main aim of this study was a thorough examination of the referee...”

“...This paper analyses referee home bias with data from the First Division of the Spanish Football League between the 2002/03 and 2009/10 seasons. The aim is to...”

“...The main goal of the current research was to investigate the personal fouls that were called against female basketball players who play for historically Black...”

“...This analysis revises and strengthens a study by Anderson and Pierce (2009) on referee bias in NCAA basketball. Using a logistic regression model, they...”

“...This study extends prior research on referee bias and close bias in professional soccer by examining whether Major League Soccer (MLS) referees' discretion...”

“...Some have claimed that referee and home-field bias in football (American soccer) have been impacted by the fans at the match. When fans are hostile, the threat...”

“...The objective of this article is to reflect on the sport science research findings related to decision making and decision-making errors in sports officials...”