“...Research suggests that teenage childbearing adversely affects both the outcomes of the mothers as well as those of their children. [The authors] know that...”

“...Among the perceived inputs in the "production" of child quality is family size; there is an extensive theoretical literature that postulates a tradeoff between...”

“...School quality is hard to define and measure. It is influenced by not only school expenditures, but also characteristics that are hard to measure like norms...”

“...Increasing mothers' labour supply in a child's preschool years can cause a reduction in time investments that lead to a negative direct effect on mid-childhood...”