“...Cross-national research finds that "shadow education" educational activities outside of formal schooling-tends to confer advantages on already privileged...”

“...The test-optional movement in the United States emerged largely in response to criticism of standardized admissions tests as inadequate and potentially biased...”

“...We investigate the efficacy and equity of college admissions criteria by estimating the effect of multiple measures of college readiness on college performance...”

“...Over the past few decades, the average college has not become more selective: the reverse is true, though not dramatically. People who believe that college...”